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Reasons of Brain Drain in Pakistan

Mohsin Ali — Fri, 06 Aug 2010 18:08:36 +0000

Reasons of Brain Drain in Pakistan: A global phenomenon is the migration of intellectual man power from less developed countries to more migration is from the third world countries to the European state and USA. The migration to China, Japan and Malaysia is less than Australian continent. While the migration from one country to another has its own mentis and leads to better development of the world and the nation forming it, it also causes serious damages to the less developed countries which need actually the presence of it such intellectuals who migrate to the rich nations. It leads to the depletion of cultural richness when the highly enriched intellectuals migrate. The migration of Chinese and Japanese to the rest of the world has polluted the cullres of the many countries. Also the migration of better qualified scientists and engineers is noticeable and has because a matter of great concern because the less developed countries needs them more seriously. It is there fore a matter of great attention to investigate the causes of migration of qualified man power from Pakistan to Europe, Australia and USA. In this article the an attempt has been made to probe the reasons of inteuectual migration, so called the “Brain Drain” and to suggest measures to arrest or minimize this migration what is termed as “Brain Prevention”.
Reasons of Brain Drain in Pakistan are
1.   Economics reasons
In addition to several legitimate political reasons including peace and security for himself and his family, another reason is economic; such as job satisfaction, academically progressive environment, better pay and service conditions.
2.   Lack of financial and Academie reasons
The just for better life and higher education is a strong reason behind the brain drain from Pakistan. There is no doubt that more and better opportunities in the US and UK are one of the attractions to moving there. No good institution for research and doctorate lever and post doctorate level studies opportunities are available in Pakistan.
3.   Role of political will in the prevention of brain drain
The political instability let the people leave the motherland for a better future with some prediction. There is a dire need to assure the man power to remain present in Pakistan. A diplomatic solution should be given a priority to resolve conflicts rather than going to let the people do what they want.
4.   Lack of higher Education Institutes
Seience and technology is an area that is not fully exploited by the Pakistan resources. A less budget sliced away for education is the reason in leaking the higher studies which could prenent the brain drain.
Many other reason behind the brain drain from Pakistan are there some of these are;
•   Natural Problems
•   Political and Social feater
•   Poor status of Science and Scientists in Pakistan society.
•   Lake of competition and Challenging Culture.
•   No Proper ontrstrueture for research and development.
•   No merit criteria.
Implications of brain drain in Pakistan
The implications of brain drain are disastrous. It entails losses of strategie man power from bey posts. Trained and skilled people constitute a very scarce resource for poor countries. Losing them sets developments back in these countries. Another important implication of the brain drain is that investment in education in a developing countries may not lead to faster economic growth if a large number of its highly educated people leave the country.

Related Questions:
Why brain drain in Pakistan
Causes of brain drain in Pakistan

Child Labour in Pakistan

Mohsin Ali — Fri, 06 Aug 2010 17:51:29 +0000

The child is father of the man. It is the small kid that will control the whole nation in near future. Children are the softest souls, they are flowers, if we force on these then their stems, petals and corolla will be broken and dispersed before they blossom. It is mostly, the problem of the third world country, that how children can be saved from labour. Only the kids from poor family are being compelled to work hard to live the hard life on the fertile and colorful planet—the earth. Much other country like Pakistan where the poor class is too big to be controlled easily, the labour through children is common. Pakistan is an underdeveloped country with the seventh biggest population. The national child labour survey conducted in 1996 by the federal bureau of statistics, found 3.3 million of the 40 million children (in the 5—14 years age group) to be economically active on a full-time basis. Of the 3.3 million working children 73 percent (2.4 million) were boys and 27% (0.9 million) girls. Children’s contribution to work in rural areas is about eight times greater than in urban areas. The number of economically active children in the 10—14 year’s age group.
Rural children are mostly engaged in agriculture sector (74%) while the urban ones are busy in manufacturing areas.
According to the survey main causes behind the child labour in Pakistan are:

High population growth in poor families.
The disguised unemployment in agriculture sector in Rural Areas.
Low productivity and low prevalence of poverty.
Unpaid family helpers.
Inadequate education facilities.

One third the working flowers are literate which show that mere completion of primary education is not an effective deterrent to child labour. School enrolment depicts that working kids who are not enrolled in school (34.2%) are higher than economically active children combined with school (13.2%). It shows that enrolment is negatively correlated with the involvement of kids in economic activities.
The surrey states also that most cogent reasons given by parents or guardians for letting their child work were to supplement household income: to pay outstanding debts; assist or help in household enterprise; and no one else available for household chores.
According to UN convention on the rights of the child (CRC) on November 20, 1989, “sate parties recognize the right of the child to be protected from economic exploitation and from performing any work that is likely to be hazardous or to interfere with the child’s education or to be harmful to the child’s health or physical, mental, spiritual, moral or social development.”
Another convention was adopted by ILO in 1973. It defined the age limit of is years for working of a children after the completion of schooling. In 1997, the US congress passed “the Bonded Child Labour Elimination Act”, introduced by Rep. Bernard sanders. The low amended section 3.7 of the US Tariff act of 1930 (19 USC 1307). After its passage imports of articles produced or manufactured with bonded labour, which are under the age of 15, are prohibited.
The constitution of Islamic republic of Pakistan sates “No Child below the age of fourteen shall be engaged in any factory or mine or in any other hazardous employment.” Also, “All forms of forced labour is prohibited.” A number of laws contain provisions prohibiting child labour in Pakistan are:

The factories Act 1934
The West Pakistan shops and Establishment ordinance 1969
The employment of Children Act 1991
The Bonded Labour system Abolition Act 1992
The Punjab Compulsory Education Act 1994

The present government in Pakistan has made elementary education compulsory. Along with this, the government has announced some policies to eliminate the child labour.
The agreement that has been approved last year by Pakistan, Norway and ILD to eradicate child labour must be given importance and hopefully in the near future, Pakistan will be able to dispose the child labour.

Highest Literacy Rate: Most Educated Countries of the World

Mohsin Ali — Tue, 09 Mar 2010 17:44:17 +0000

Education is the most important sector in any country. The performance of any country can be assessed by the literacy rate of that country. The countries which have highest number of educated people, are the most advanced states in the world. These nations spend a lots of money on educational sector. Let us see the list of names of those countries which have highest educated people in the world till 2010.

	Vatican City is the most educated country in the world. It is a small city state having only population of only 826 people while the literacy rate is 100% of total population (male and female). Vatican is the smallest independent state in the world. It is a country of Europe wiht highest population rate.
	Andorra is a small country in south western Europe and it’s estimated literacy rate is 100% of total population. It is also the sixth smallest nation in Europe having an area of 468 sq. km and an estimated population of 83,888 in 2009.
	Finland is ranked as the third country in the world with highest literacy rate which is 100%. It has an average population density of 17 inhabitants per square kilometer. This makes it, after Norway and Iceland, the third most sparsely populated country in Europe as well. There are some top ranked universities in Finland.
	Greenland has been political associated with Europe (Denmark-Norway) for about a millennium. Literacy rate of Green Land is 100% therefore it is ranked as the forth most educated country in the world. Greenland is by area, the world, largest island which is not a continent.
	Georgia is a country in the Caucasus region of Eurasia, situated at the Juncture of Eastern Europe and Wester Asia. Georgia is the fifth most educated country having 100% literacy rate in the world. Georgia covers a territory of 69,700 sq. km and its population is 4.385 million.
	Norway is a sixth most educated country having 100% literacy rate of total population in the world. Officially the Kingdom of Norway, is a Nordic country in Northern Europe. Norway is popular for her most valuable engineering degree in the world. The education in Norway is free for every citizen and foreigners.
	Luxembourg: It is a small, land locked country in Western Europe and seventh most educated country with 100% literacy rate in the world. Luxembourg has a population of under half a million people in an area of approximately 2,475 square kilometers.
	Estonia is one of the least populous members of the European union, with a population of only 1.34 million. Estonia is a eigth most educated country in the world, having 99.8% literacy rate while its population is 1,340,415.
	Latvia is a ninth most educated country having 99.8% literacy rate in the world. It is a country in the Baltic region of Northern Europe. The territory of Latvia covers 64,586 sq. Kilometer and it has a population of 2,231,503.
	Poland is a tenth most educated country having 99.8% literacy rate of total population in the world. It has a population of over 38 million people, which makes it the 34th most populous country in the world. Poland is one of those countries having highest literacy rate.

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Women Education Pakistan: Causes Of Female Education

Iram Saleemi — Mon, 08 Feb 2010 15:11:08 +0000

Man is composed of two basic elements i.e nature and nurture. In upbringing process, parents have a major participation in which mother offers an ample share. Thus an educated mother will lay the foundation of healthy civilized family. So we can say that the entire personality of a person is an outcome of his mother’s training.
The constitution of Pakistan provides full participation of women in all spheres of life constituting more than 50% of the total population, but the literacy rate in females is just 36% as compared to men that is 64%. The ratio of primary schools for girls and boys is 4 and 10 respectively.Such attitude of discrimination is not new in the educational system of Pakistan. Pakistan inherited it from the history. After 1857 when Sir Syed came on the surface with the slogan of educational improvement of the muslims but the women were ignored. At that time books like “Bahishti Zaiwar”, “Miratul Uroos” popped up to identify the limits for the women. The object of these books were the negation of awareness to women and their confinement to the family only.
Moulvi Mumtaz Ali Khan researched and wrote a book named “Huqook-e- Niswan”. Sir Syed advised him not to publish the book. Sir Syed was of view that modern education could bring instability in the lives of women and ignorance of their right would make them contented. Despite, Moulvi Mumtaz published his book which faced stiff resistance from the literate male class of the Muslims.
Religiously, people are of the view that Islam does not permit a women or girls to step beyond the limits of house. Modern education can make her a party girl instead of making her a house wife. That’s why Taliban are blasting and attacking the girl’s schools in Swat and Northern areas of Pakistan. However, the Prophet Mohammad (PBUH) strongly emphasized on education by saying that,

“It is the prime duty of men and women to acquire education”.

Causes Of Women Illiteracy In Pakistan

The first cause of women illiteracy is the increase in population, which is playing a negative role in this deprivation of female education. A family having more number of children and less income will prefer to educate the boys of the family, while the girls will be given embroidery or sewing skills. Secondly, there is also a misconception that females merely have to manage a home after being married where as males have to earn so education matters only for males but not for females. Thirdly, we have observed that traditionally, women are considered as the asset of males of the family. So these males are responsible for taking decisions of their lives. In most cases, males donot allow their sisters or daughters to goto schools or universities. Additionally, some families do not like their daughters to study in co-education institutes thus depriving them of higher education. Fourthly, the social setup is a male dominated one. Girls cannot move freely thus any male of the family has to take responsibility of her care. This sometimes seems difficult to them. There is also a sharp division between female oriented work and male oriented work. Females are not allowed to work in all spheres of life therefore their education is not considered valuable. Fifthly, the number of schools and colleges for females are very less. Girls have to travel a long distance to reach the schools or colleges, for this reason most of the parents prefer to give them religious education. Lastly, every government talks about the importance of female education but none of them has given attention to it. In Multan the plan of separate women university and women medical college was announced yet these plans have not seen the light of the day.

Media brought awareness to the people thus bringing female fighter pilots in PAF and projecting women in every sphere of life. Islam does not restrict education to females. Islam is a flexible religion and it allows equal opportunities of education to both sexes. The need is to interpret it in its real essence. Last but not the least, no society can progress by restricting more than half of its population in the abyss of ignorance and a maze of undue limits. Nepolean once said about the role of mothers in building process of a nation that,

“Give me the best mothers, I will give you the best nation.”

Pakistan Education: Problems And Solutions Of Pakistan Education

Iram Saleemi — Sun, 31 Jan 2010 15:14:42 +0000

Education is considered as the cheapest defence of a nation. But the down trodden condition of education in Pakistan bears an ample testimony of the fact that it is unable to defend its own sector. Though 62 years have been passed and 23 policies and action plans have been introduced yet the educational sector is waiting for an arrival of a saviour. The government of Pervaiz Musharraf invested heavily in education sector and that era saw a visible positive educational change in Pakistani society. Now a days, the economic situation in Pakistan is under stress and education is the worse effected sector in Pakistan. The Constitution of Islamic Republic of Pakistan says,

“The state of Pakistan shall remove illiteracy and provide free and compulsory secondary education within minimum possible period.”

In Human development Report Pakistan is placed at 136th position for having just 49.9% educated populace. The primary completion rate in Pakistan, given by Date Center of UNESCO, is 33.8% in females and 47.18% in males, which shows that people in the 6th largest country of the world are unable to get the basic education. Following are the problems of education in Pakistan. Firstly, the educational system of Pakistan is based on unequal lines. Medium of education is different in both, public and private sector. This create a sort of disparity among people, dividing them into two segments. Secondly, regional disparity is also a major cause. The schools in Balochistan(The Largest Provice Of Pakistan By Area) are not that much groomed as that of Punjab (The Largest Provice Of Pakistan By Population). In FATA, the literacy rate is deplorable constituting 29.5% in males and 3% in females. Thirdly, the ratio of gender discrimination is a cause which is projecting the primary school ratio of boys & girls which is 10:4 respectively. For the last few years there has been an increase in the growth of private schools. That not only harms the quality of education but create a gap among haves and have nots. Fourthly, the lack of technical education is a biggest flaw in the educational policy that has never been focused before. Therefore, less technical people means less . Fifthly, the allocation of funds for education are very low. It is only 1.5 to 2.0 percent of the total GDP. It should be around 7% of the total GDP. Sixthly, the teachers in government schools are not well trained. People who donot get job in any other sector, they try their luck in educational system. They are not professionally trained teachers so they are unable to train a nation. Finally, Poverty is also another factor that restrict the parents to send their children to public or private schools. So, they prefer to send their children to madressahs where education is totally free.

Recently, minister of education announced a new Education policy for that next 10 years. The interesting thing is that the previous educational policy from 1998 to 2010 is still not expired. Although it is projected to give new plans and to make more promises with the nation. It is said in this policy that all the public schools will be raised upto the level of private schools. No plan of action have been discussed, yet a notice is issued to private schools to induct government course in 5th and 8th class and these classes will bound to take board exams. This disturbed the students of private sector also.

Solutions for Educational System: Estimating the value of education, the Government should take solid steps on this issue. Implementation instead of projecting policies, should be focused on. Allocation of funds should be made easy from provinces to districts and then to educational institutes. Workshops must be arranged for teachers. Foreign states are using LSS system. This should be inducted in Pakistani schools to improve the hidden qualities of children. Technical education must be given to all the classes. The education board of Punjab have projected a plan to give tech- education to the children of industrial workers. Promotion of the primary education is the need of time. Teachers, professors and educationists should be consulted while devising any plan, syllabus or policy. The state seems to give up her responsibility and totally relying on private sector. The need of time is to bring education in its original form to masses. Burdening a students with so much books will not work as he will not understand what the world is going to do next moment. Education is the only cure of the destability in the state and can bring revolution through evolution, by eradicating the social evils. This is how to remove illiteracy in Pakistan.