Information of the world » Countries

Largest Islands in Europe

Mohsin Ali — Wed, 09 Mar 2011 14:10:05 +0000

Island is a land mass, especially one smaller than a continent, entirely surrounded by water. Continents are islands in the strict sense of the words differing from other islands only in size. Here are given some largest island in Europe by area.

Great Britain Island

Great Britain is an island lying off the western coast of Europe. It is the largest island in Europe and ninth largest in the world. Its total area is 219000 km2 with a population of about 59.6 million people. It is also the third most populated island on Earth.

Iceland North Atlantic Picture

Iceland is the 2nd largest European island located in North Atlantic Ocean. It has a population of about 320000 and a total area of 103000 km2. This island is volcanically and geologically active. The island’s in interior the highlands of Iceland are a cold and uninhabitable combination of sand and mountains. It is also the world’s 18th largest island.

Ireland North Atlantic Picture

Ireland is the third largest island in Europe with the area of 84,421 km2. It lies to the northwest of continental Europe and is surrounded by hundreds of islands and islets. It is also the 20th largest island in the world with total population of 6197,100 people.

West Spits Bergen Island Picture

West spits Bergen is the fourth largest European island located in Norway. It covers approximately 39,044 km2 area and it total population estimated as 5969,190 people. Polar bears are found in this island in coastal areas especially.

Sicily Mediterranean Sea island Picture

Sicily Island is the largest in the Mediterranean Sea, comprising an autonomous region of Italy. It is a volcanic island rather closer to the African coast than Sicily’s. Sicily covers the largest land area in Holy at 25,728 square kilometers and currently has just over five million people.

Sardinia Island Picture

Sardinia Island Situated in the middle of the Mediterranean Sea, with its app 1800 kilometers of costline, is one of the most popular destinations for visitors. It is the second largest island in the Mediterranean Sea after sicilly. Sardinia is the sixth largest island in Europe having the population of 1,670,219 inhabitants

North East Land Picture

North East Land is the 7th largest island in the Europe with an area of 14,443 square kilometers. This island is the second largest island of Norway after west spits Bergen. The east coast of the land is formed by a front of inland ice and about 30% of the island is comprised of wetlands.

Cyprus Island Picture

Cyprus has some of the finest and largest island in the Mediterranean, particularly in the east. It is the third largest island in the Mediterranean Sea and 8th largest in Europe. It measures 240 kilometers long from end to end and 100 km wide. It is home to some of the oddest water wells in the world. The total population of the Cyprus Island is estimated as 870,000 people.

Corsica Island Picture

Corsica located in west of holy, southeast of the French mainland and north of the island of Sardinia. This island is the 9th largest island in Europe. It is also known as the most mountainous island in the Mediterranean. Corsica island is 183 kilometer long and 83 kilometer wide. The island’s climate, mountains and coastlines make it popular among tourists.

Crete Island Picture

Crete is the largest island of Greece with a total area of 8300 sq km and two thirds of the whole surface of the island is mountainous.
The island of Crete in Greece has a population of about 520,000 inhabitants. Heracles is the largest city and capital of create

Drinking Water Issues in Pakistan

Adnan Khan — Mon, 27 Sep 2010 10:00:23 +0000

Increasing world’s population has lowered the level of ground water alarmingly, particularly in the densely populated part of the world like South Asia, China and Indonesia. The potable water is becoming a short-commodity all over the world. In some regions, even water is more costly than milk. This problem, in Pakistan, is proliferating with a storming speed. Under-five mortality rate in Pakistan, because of ill-water conditions, is 101 per 1000 children. Diarrheal infections in Pakistan have killed 2 million under five year’s children. Unhygienic practices coupled with impure water usage cause a number of diseases. It adds more difficulties due to resultant high costing treatment for water-based illnesses and decreases the total number of workings which contributes for lowering educational activities. It indirectly affects the literacy rate also.
Fifty two nations constituting more than one half of the world’s total population will be in a severe shortage of water in the year 2005, written in the report of leadership for environment and development. Pakistan, which is an agricultural country with a net of canals and has the best irrigation system, is unable to provide access to drinkable water to 135 millions people. Pakistan’s strive to improve the living standards of its residents, has been curtailed because of water problems.
The scarcity of portable water is because of couple of reasons-natural and man-made. Natural factors like changing in the topography because of earthquakes, floods, drought and others. These macro factor uncontrollable. Nobody can blame the government or the individuals for this disastrous change except by using the channel of global warming-a result of human activities. But the second factor which is purely based on the human being’s deeds, is use of hazardous chemical, carbon and other dangerous emission by vehicles, a deforestation, overpopulation and industrial activities have contributed to a number of environmental and health hazards. A vast area of Pakistan, especially lower-Punjab and the biggest province (in terms of area) Balochistan, are lacking potable water due to industrial wastage and agricultural remnant that impurities the rivers and the rivers and the ground water. People of these areas, sometime, are compelled to cover a distance of tens of miles for a few liters of illy-potable water.
This water issue is being politicized by almost all the political parties, N60’s and other pressure groups. They protest not to resolve the issue, but only to remain intact with media. On the other hand, the pure-protest by the people with scarce-water resource have been met with harsh responses from the local authorities.
Water related problems are the most neglected sector in Pakistan. A vast majority of Pakistani-particularly the rural-do not believe in any disease borne by water due to mixing of arsenic or other elements. And a patient who does not believe in her disease, cannot be cured because he would not attend any doctor. The people of rural areas of Sindh and Punjab are ready to drink the ground-water extracted through tube wells, nulls and motor-pumps, because are of the view that running-water is free of all impurities.
Illiteracy, coupled with the lack of political will and corruption, is equally responsible for the potable water problems. This issue has curtailed the economic growth also. Wastage of time in collecting drinkable water from remote areas, let woman away from their kids and family and keeps them out of household givings which results in a poor family. Similarly the girls and children who served their time in bringing drinkable water keeps them away from educational activities which creates illiterate generations-a major hurdle in the way of economic race.
It is an impressive for Pakistan to provide safe and quite hygienic potable water to its citizens, because it is the human capital which causes a nation to be developed or to be remained the part of “Third World”.

Political Instability in Pakistan

Adnan Khan — Sun, 05 Sep 2010 04:43:22 +0000

The territorial issues and border conflicts with India, the socio-economic differences within the country, the struggle for a share of power between the provinces and the early death of the founder of Pakistan Mohammad Ali Jinnah, are some of those realities which not only politicized the policy making elites and their willingness in introducing the fair democratic procedures but also encouraged the non-democratic elements including the army. Even after 63 years, as a corollary, the country could not get cleaned from feudal, tribal, punchayt system and sectarian segregation. In this grim situation the public has been left untutored in the kind of vigilance usually needed to hold political leaders accountable.
Pakistan failed to establish a stable democratic government due to constitutional conflict. Due to political instability, Pakistan’s economic and social growth has been curtailed.
The root cause of Pakistan political woes lies in its feudal and the winner-take-all approach to governing that has been practiced by successive civilian and military leaders. The Muslim League that brought independence to Pakistan, lacked internal democracy. Once partition and statehood had been achieved, provincial and local political parties confined Muslim League just a paper-party. There were no opposition party to counter Muslim League initially, but latter on, Muslim league itself was disappeared. Coupled with the political legacy of Muslim League, the civil and military bureaucracy, that was of much importance due to its scarce number, gained so much power that they depressed the political institution. The constitution-less 10 years-history from 1947 to 1956-was an ill exercise of the political actors, which invoked the military to interfere in the politics.
Absence of a complete constitution, allowed the peoples with power to manipulate the political and constitutional institution, as they wanted. Different powerful civil and military bureaucrats played blasphemy of constitution, parliament and political parties.
Political parties in Pakistan are not working fairly. The intra-party election is no to be seen. The leaders, consequently, are autocrats. Political parties are famous in the name of leader of the parties. Personification has harmed extremely the true essence of democracy.
The third pitter of the state, the judiciary has also dual strategies all over the history. Mostly the role of the judiciary has been vulnerable. It has always provided a so-called legal way to the dictators to assume the power. The constitution has been abrogated many a time with the help of the judiciary. Beside the judiciary and Army’s role in politics, the intelligence agencies have become a major actor on the national political scene. Military intelligence and Inter-Services-Intelligence (ISI) are widely believed to have had a major hand in shaping the candidates and the choices available to voters at least since General Zia’s general election of 1985. In these situation how a true democratic government would be formed to realized the dreams of the great Quaid?
In addition to all above given anti-democracy factors, the dynamic structure of the state is also not in the favour of democratic values to be flourished. For most of its history Pakistan has been divided into provinces drawn basically on ethnic lines. Political loyalties and attitude have a strong ethnic dimension to them, and the central government’s desires to manage Pakistan’s ethnic diversity can have a major impact on resource allocation foreign policy decision, and the game of politics.
Another elements which has vitiated the democracy in Pakistan is violance in politics. The patience require for a democratic system is highly tacking in almost all the parties and theirs drivers. Democracy accommodate the presence of dissent party. Democracy is the product of wishes of the people and not of the desires of an elite few. But political prayer of Pakistan could not do so.
Illiterate voters, family ties a among politicians and feudalism has constrained democracy in Pakistan.
Democracy can be revived in Pakistan by taking following steps.
1.   Reform the judiciary
2.   Creation of an independent election commission
3.   Internal party elections
4.   Strengthen the free press
5.   Division of provinces
6.   Don’t neglect provincial and local government
7.   Implementation of the constitutions
8.   Continuity of fair elections
9.   Protection of minorities and civil liberties
The nation political parties should embrace a new spirit of co-operation and constructive opposition, moving beyond out dated confrontational and self-defeating street action and walk-outs and boycott politics to engage in vigorous political debates free of violence.

Price Hike In Ramadan; Causes and Solution

Zia Saqib — Wed, 25 Aug 2010 12:36:42 +0000

As soon as the holly month of Ramadan was commenced so the prices of the commodities began to increase. People have hobson’s choice to purchase things on the price, they are forced to pay. The shopkeepers set the price-rate according to their own will and often they sell the products defying the price imprinted on the article. Because of hoarding and black marketing, an artificial shortage of commodities is created by the market players which causes price hike as a result.
The essence of writing throws light on main causes of price hike in the holy month of Ramadan and it shares the possible solutions of this crumbling front. It will also explain the current situation of market with some illustrations while taking into consideration the public response to the market forces. Finally it will discuss the measures adopted by government and their corollary.
Hoarding and black marketing are the core reasons of price-hike. Traders extract unlawful and unethical benefits by selling commodities on a price higher than the original one. For this end, they start hoarding in the earlier months of Ramadan. They create artificial shortage of some products in the market by storing these products at cheaper rates. All the hoards are solely purchased by them and later on they sell it according to their own rates. As a corollary people are victimized by over charging and extra profiteering. That particular commodity cannot be acquired from anywhere else in the market, so people can do nothing but to purchase it on offered prices.
Hegemonic monopoly in fruit market counts much in price hike during Ramadan. The main traders get unite to make a consensus for maximum price rate on fruit products. As the use of fruits is inevitable to restore energy in Ramadan, so people are exploited for fulfilling their dire need. If government tries to cope with the situation the traders go on a strike and as a result, people face fruit shortage.
Most of the markets do not have retail price list mechanism. The shop-keepers are free to do well with their personal stakes. The proportion between demand and supply of grain, sugar, chilliy and other products is disturbed and it seems that they are a law unto themselves.
During the first week of Ramadan, markets have represented very deplorable condition in many cities. Sugar is being sold at 80 rupees per kg while it has been 68/-to 70/-rupees per kg before the beginning of Ramadan and oil is being sold at 125 rupees per kg while it was 115/-rupees per kg. Prices of banana, apple, mango and grapes have increased with the ratio of Rs 20, Rs 30, Rs 15 and 50 per kg respectively.
Poor check and balance by the government personnel on market system, is also another considerable cause of price-hike. Most of the markets lack price lists. Somehow if it is issued, it is not implemented fully. A chronic disease of sleaze in government institute also paves a smooth way for such deteriorated situation. Loose administration, poor policies and loopholes of check and balance system are key reasons of price hike at the behest of government.
The only panacea to solve the problem is the formation of renewed market control system. Efficient struggle of government personals can contribute well to confront the manipulated price-hike. Sudden and prompt visits of high profile ministry and bureaucracy can also be helpful to keep the things right. Market control inspectors should frequently examine each and every shop in their jurisdiction. There is a dire need to accelerate price control magistrate also, so that their presence and control may give relief to people. They should not only control the price-hike but also make it sure that all the commodities are being kept available in the market perpetually.

Irrigation Problems in Pakistan

Adnan Khan — Tue, 24 Aug 2010 18:16:38 +0000

A densely populated agrarian country with one of the best irrigation system but still has backward agricultural milieu, is Pakistan. More than 65% of the population is living on the attachments with agri-based fields or industries. Punjab is the most populated province of Pakistan. Irrigation system of Punjab is not very developed. The present irrigation system is almost hundred year old. The management of current irrigation system is a big challenge with increasing population. Burden on limited irrigation system is also going heavy and situation is becoming more and more serious. The problems with management of Pakistan’ irrigation system includes social as well as technical ones. A loss in agriculture production is enormous due to mismanagement of irrigation system.

The second best irrigation system after Egypt is not free of weaklings. Following are some major curtailing of Pak irrigation system.

Water Wastage

Pakistan is experiencing large water wastage. The old methods of irrigation with flood water are still being used by the farmer who wastes about 50 to 60 percent of water. The recent flood which is biggest of this century bestowed Pakistan a gig resource of water, but the lack of water reservoirs have wasted it carelessly. A new irrigation system called drip irrigation system has been introduced in many parts of the world. This not only saves water but also gives proper quantity of water according to the needs of plants. But Pakistan is not familiar with it yet.

Water logging and salinity

Water logging and salinity is expanding with every passing day. Government of Pakistan has not taken any step to resolve this issue. With the decreasing storage capacity of dams due to silt accumulation the farmers, therefore, are installing more and more tube wells to irrigate their crops. This is another reason behind salinity is spreading in the major areas of Punjab and Sindh.

Water Scarcity due to India’ Expedition

The Pakistan’s enemy since ever, India has made a number of dams violating the Indus Water Treaty of 1960. This act of India has dried the rivers of Pakistan. The average annual flow has been decreased to an alarming level. While the designed cropping intensity of Pakistan’s irrigation system was low in from 60 to 70%, but today cropping intensity has crossed the level of 120% indicating increased water demand. On the other hand

Conflicts among provinces over Kalabagh Dam (KBD).

The delay in building new water reservoirs in Pakistan has played vicious role in complicating the irrigation problems Had Pakistan built Kalabagh dam, all the irrigation issues would have been resolved. No province except Punjab, ready to go forward with KBD project.

Lack of Funds

In Pakistan, the water management is handled by the provincial governments. Although a reasonable slice of the total budget is cut away for irrigation and canal system but this allocation of funds is not sufficient to address all the problems regarding irrigation. The difference between the required and the allocated amount is estimated to be more than 24%. This situation has resulted in the deterioration of the canal system.

Lack of dams

Pakistan needs more dams Indus, Jehlum and Chenab rivers. This will enhance not only the storage capacity of water but also will minimize the per acre cost of all the crops. This act will also lessen the salinity chances of the lands as less number of tube well water would be used to irrigate the lands which are expected to be saline.

A paradigm shifts are needed in government policies and the legal and institutional framework of water management if water use is to improve and those effective changes can fruit very big gains in agriculture output.

Because of serious threats to irrigation system, the wise use of available water resources has become essential. Planning, design, and operation of land reclamation projects and irrigation system, therefore, have to take into account the new issues. At a time efficient organization and planning of irrigation and drainage system, is one of the most critical goals to achieve the widely accepted approach of integrated water Resources Management.

Deepest Fresh Water Lakes In the World

Zia Saqib — Tue, 24 Aug 2010 07:24:50 +0000

Not only the deepest but also the also the oldest fresh water lakes, The Baikal, is the second most voluminous lake in the world. Its average depth is 744.4 meters. It is estimated that it contains 20% of world’s fresh water. Known as “Pearl of Siberia” lake Baikal is located in Siberian region near the city of “Irkutsh”. Another unique fact about the lake is that it nourishes 1700 species of plants and animals and 1100 out of them are not found anywhere else in the world. Certainly it impresses the viewer by its natural beauty, location and size. Its greatest depth is 5,371 ft.

Lake Baikal Photo

Enchanting and magic throwing Lake Tanganyika is situated in African Great Rift Valley. It looks more beautiful owing to be confined by mountainous surroundings. It is 2nd deepest fresh water lake of world, while considering Africa, it is the deepest lake of African continent and the longest one also. Its length extends for 673 km in north south and its width comprise on 50 km. The maximum depth of this second deepest lake is 1470 meters (4825 ft).

Lake Tanganyika Picture

Lake Malvi is the third deepest fresh water lake of the world as the greatest depth of lake is about 2316 ft. It is also the third largest in Africa and 8th largest in the world. Also known as Lake Nyassa, this beautiful and spell awarded lake lies south most area of Great Rift Valley between Malawi, Mozambique and Tanzania. The length consists of 580 km and with extends for 75 km. The area of lake is 29,600 sq. km approximately.

Lake Malawi Picture

On of the most attractive lakes of North America, Great Slave Lake is the fourth deepest lake on the earth. It is also the second largest lake of Canada. It is deepest fresh water lake in North America. It covers the area of 27200 km² in southern territorial parts of Canada. Its beauty lies in the ice floating on the surface water. It is ranked as 10th largest lake in the world. River Hay and river Slave are the main tributaries of the lake.

Great Slave Lake Picture

The fifth deepest great fresh water lake ‘Matano’ also known as “Matana” is a natural lake in South Sulawesi, Indonesia. Lake Matano is deepest Lake of Indonesia. This lake is famous for being home of endemic fishes and several plant. The interesting thing about the fishes as that they are considered the part of those living in the lakes of great sift valley of Africa. Lake Matano is on the remote location of country, but it is keenly visited by many tourists. The greatest depth of Lake Matana is about 1936 ft.

Matano Lake Photo

Famous for its beautiful blue colour and transparent water, Crater Lake is located in Oregon, USA. The lake is very old and aroused by the collapse of volcano ‘Mount Mozam’. It is also known as ‘Blue Lake’ and ‘Lake Majesty’. Lake is also famous for a huge tree in the center of the lake which is old more then a century. Its length comprise 5 to 6 miles, greatest depth is 1932 ft. The depth fluctuated with environmental changes. The lake is propounded by hills which award it attracting scenes of beauty.

Carter Lake Pictures

Larger Island and tall mountains surrounds the largest lake in South East Asia, the Toba Lake. It is situated in Sumatra, Indonesia. The lake seems glittering while descending from nearer mountains. The magnificent lake is remarkably mind freshing and soul soothing. Originally, Toba is not only famous for its beauty but also for the status of volcanic lake. It is 100 km long and 30 km wide with greatest depth of 1,666 ft.

Toba Lake Picture

The deepest fresh water lake of Europe Hornindals is situated in Hornindals municipality of Norway. Mountainous lines surrounding the lakes hornindals are hornindals Stoken Mountains, Gulkoppen Mountains and Middagfjellet mountains. Its maximum depth is 1686 ft approximately. The area covered by lake is 1916 km². Glaciers near the lake contribute very special green blue and dark shades to the surroundings. The route towards lake is full of churches and hotels.

Hornindals Lake Picture

Surrounded by the bared top mountains, Sarez Lake is situated in Tajikistan. Its length is about 55.8 km. The depth of lakes extends to 1657 ft inward. It is considered a newly made natural lake as it formed in 1911 because of a great earth quake owing to the blockade of Murghab River by a great land slide. The surrounding mountains are also known as Pamir Mountains. The apparent beauty of natural scenery attracts tourist while its unique formation appeals geologists.

Sarez Lake Picture

Lake Tahoe in the Sierra Nevada Mountains of the U.S in California, is a remarkable sight for tourists. It is originally located along the border of California and Nevada. The maximum depth of the lake Tahoe, is 1645 feet. It is counted as largest alpine lake in North America. Mostly tourists come across the lake in summer season. Majestic casinos are located near lake receives a larger part of annual precipitation. The native towns are inhabitated by ‘Washoe’ tribes. Silver and gold under-soil stocks are under discovery in this lake.

Lake Tahoe Picture

Factors behind Air Blue Plane Crash In Pakistan

Adnan Khan — Tue, 24 Aug 2010 06:01:33 +0000

Air blue flight ED202—the most advanced form of jet, equipped with the newest technology—was flying from Karachi to the capital, Islamabad when it collided with a forested hillside amid moon soon rains and low clouds. Air blue said the A 321 single-aisle jet was 10 yeas old and was leased 4 years ago, in 2006 to Air Blue which is Pakistan’s second biggest carrier by market shares.
This airjet crash tormented 152 families by clutching their sons, fathers, husbands, brothers, sisters, mothers or wives in a few second accident. The second most horrible plane crash in the history of Pakistan left a number of echoes behind the scene, people are of different point of view about it. The Airjet crash, according to one group, was an act of Taliban. The Pilot of the plane, they argue, was a beard man and probably have some ties with Al-Qaeda or Taliban. This is just an argument because the solid proof is not available. The recording of Black Box would clarify the truth about this rumour thrown by one aviation expert. Some other people of the same field argued that plane flew from Karachi, was sure to land on Gojar Khan near Benazir Bhutto international airport but the ATC directed the pilot to keep the “miscalculation procedure” on by circling the plane 30 to 12 from the satellite town. But the pilot mistakenly took a longer circle which resulted in a dire crash.
Airlines often compelled the plane-drivers not to deviate from the given route, though a substitute plan for a flight is always there in case of any emergency or when plane fails to land on its prescribed destination. In case of any alarming situation, the pilot is given a free hand to land with a minimum loss. But this crash of Air blue jet is not seems to be an accident because of “miscalculation procedure”.
A conservative group of experts claims that the Air blue jet was hijacked by some “Black Water” employees. They wanted to go for attacking the nuclear plant sites of Pakistan and the security forces of Pakistan fired the jet with air-gun. But the officials are negating this claim. “The plane crash was just a mistake of the pilot” the interior minister of Pakistan Stated. These arguments and counterargument show that the negligence of the pilot and the air-port-concerned staff, is the core reason behind the Airblue jet crash. But, technically it is quite unbelievable because the jets of Airblue have a piece of special machine which alarmed the cock-pit 1200 meter before the strike, in case of any obstacle in the way of the plane’s flight zone. And airbus said “The plane had no technical fault”. It means the rumour of pilot’s mistake or miscalculation procedure is a likely story.
Another reason may be the laziness instead of negligence of the pilot. Pilot was of 64 years. He was an experienced but old man. He was an ex-pilot of PIA and has joined Airblue in 2006. The physical fitness, alertness, at that age and monitoring and performance can be doubted because at the age of 64, normally people do not work. In this regard Airblue argues that the physical fitness of the pilot was 100% combatable with the requirements.
Weather analysts say that “cumulonimbus cloud” caused crash. Such clouds are carries of “thunder” storms with down draft which cause “flash floods” when rain-water comes down with high pressure it becomes extremely vulnerable for flying objects like planes. In this situation there is no chance of successful escape without a miracle.

Languages of Pakistan: Urdu, Punjabi, Pushto, Sindhi, Balochi

Zia Saqib — Fri, 13 Aug 2010 07:27:07 +0000

Social needs of man inspired him to evolve a systematic communication with the help of language. His anthropological history traveled from ‘hunter gathering stage’ to ‘Nomade Stage’ and non verbal communication was evolved by verbal communication. This was the time when language evolved to support inter-personal communication. Bearing the deep impacts of civilizations, the language preserved customs, traditions, and literature for the era of centuries. On the other hand these traits awarded everlasting significance to the language. Therefore, the survival of the both remained dependant on each other. The more sound a civilization was, the more rich its language would be.
The regional civilizations of Pakistan have a significant historical inheritance. Therefore languages are pure, rich and alive in their certain areas of dominance. The national language of Pakistan is “Urdu” and other four major provincial languages are ‘Punjabi’ ‘Sindhi’ ‘Balochi’ and ‘pushto’. Saraki and Kasmiri are also worth mentioning regional languages “Urdu” and “English” are sustained as two official languages, of the country. Most of the languages are written in Persia-Arabic script with a modified from. Much of the Persian and Arabic vocabulary is absorbed by these languages. Owing to language demographics, dialects of some language get variance in terms of distance. Therefore, major languages have a variety of dialects. All the languages are rich in their literature and cultural inheritance. A brief description of these languages is: presented here in after.
URDU; The national language:- Urdu, as declared the national language of Pakistan by M.A. Jinnah during Pakistan movement, soon after the emergence of newly homeland, was bestowed the status of national language. More than 95% of total population can understand it in a good manner. However only 9% people have “Urdu” as their mother tongue all these migrated from Ajmer, Dilli, Lakhnao, Haiderabad, Utter Pardesh and Dauan and resettled Lahore, Karachi and Islamabad during the portion of Indo-Pakistan themselves in Urdu has been nourished and polished by two main school of thoughts i.e. ‘Lakhnaow school of thought’ and “Dehli school of thought” which are called (Dabbislan-e-lacknaow, Dabbistan-e-Dehlie). Later on “Fort William collage of Dehli” “Sir Sayyed Movement” and “Anjuman Tarraqqi Pasand Urdu” (Association for reforms in Urdu) contributed a lot to flourish the language. In terms of literature Urdu has passed through four marvelous spans of are and the fifth one is racing now. ‘Jam e Jahan Numa was the first Urdu digest published from Kolkatta, while the firstly published prose was “Sub Ras” compiled by Mulla Wajhi in 1654. Ameer Khussu, the famous Persian poet was the first one to say verses in Urdu. A lot of institutions are working diligently to enhance the progressive.
English; The official Language of Pakistan:-
English has the status of official language in Pakistan state departments and main institutions i.e. legislature, judiciary, administration and press do well with English educational institutes as well. However, people have less approach to understand it widely as compared to other languages prevailing in the country.
Provincial language:-
Punjabi:- Rich in its literature and culture, sweet in accentuation, Punjabi is widely spoken in Punjab province. It is regularly spoken by 45% of total population covering the area of 205344 km Punjab. “Sufi” poets did much to beautiful the language through their poetry and prose. They poured their message of welfare of mankind into it and proffered to preach their teaching in Punjabi. ‘Heer Waris shah’ ‘Sassi Punnu’ ‘Sohni Manhwal’ ‘Qissa Saif-ul-Mulk’ are famous folk tales of Punjabi literature.
Punjabi dialects include
•   Majhi:- spoken in Lahore, sheikhupura, Gujranwala, and some other districts of upper Punjab.
•   Rachnavi spoken in Khanewal, Faislabad, Chaniot, Okara, Sargodha and some of the districts Punjab.
•   Doabi:- Spoken by the people inhabited between bias and satluj.
•   Malavi:- Spoken by migratory of Anbala, Ludhyana, Hisar, Haryana.
•   Hindko / Pothohari:- Spoken in Attock, Marree, Noshehra etc.
Pashto:- Pashto is very ancient language of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa province which shares the common border with ‘KABUL’ and ‘GHAZNI’ two historical cities of Afghanistan. 15% to 20% of
Population speak Pashto fluently. There are two major dialects of Pashto language i.e. Pakhto and Pashto “Patt Fazana” is a presentable pace of Pashto literature. ‘Khush Hal Khattak’ ‘Rehman Baba’ ‘Durdana Khan’ ‘Abdur Rehman Khan’ are the famous poets of Pashto language.
Dilects of Pashto are tough to utter vocally.
Balochi:- As compared to other provincial languages, Balochi has the Shortest circle of dominance including only 4% of Pakistan. It is mostly spoken in Balochistan province and is the major language of the province. Balochi language is trusty of traditions and customs of Baloach race. Balochistan shares the border of 805 km with Iron. Therefore the transfer of traits and sharing of customs affected Balochi by Persian, the language of Iranians. The major dialects are Qalati, Kharani, Chagai, Sarhaddi and Panjguri.
Sindhi:- Prevailing its influence on 14% total population, sindhi is one of the major provincial languages. It is mostly spoken in sindh province. Being very rich in its literature sindhi provides new horizones of research and insprovent to many other local languages. Sindh university and Jam Shoru university has started many research programmes on ancients sindhi literature. It is taught as compulsory subject on primary and secondary level. Sachal Sar mast and shah Abd-ul-hatif are the valuable and famous ancient sindhi poets.
SARAEKI:- A Dominant Regional language.
Saraiki is commonly spoken on the confluence belt of Punjab, Sindh and Balochistan. It is a language of more than 20 million people. The beauty of language depicts that it is simultaneously close to Punjabi and Sindhi. Bahaudin Zakria University of southern Punjab has started many short courses and launched its master programme in Saraiki
Language. A sub language ‘Jhangvi’ spoken in Jhang, Sargodha Faisalabad, Khanewal and Khushab is called “Local Saraiki”. H.E.C. of Pakistan is scheduling programmes to promote the language.
Minor Languages:- Minor languages include Shina, Tawali, Khetrani, Brahevi, chitrali, Gujrati, Hazarwi, Marwani, Ormuri, Dhatki, Wakhi, Sansi, Memoni and Jandawra. A few of them seems to be vanished soon and some others are also highly endangered.

Comparison of Indian and Pakistani Forces

Mohsin Ali — Fri, 13 Aug 2010 07:01:06 +0000

Two Germanys, two Koreas and two countries, Pakistan and India have been at brinkmanship since their inception and are always showing saber-ratting. Pakistan and India have been at logger heads over the Kashmir issue since their partition in 14 August, 1947. Both of the countries have similar land, culture and climate but a highly different religious basis. After the independence and partition into two countries, Pakistan chose to be an Islamic republic and aligned with USA in cold war. India on other hand did not show any alliance with any of the two superpowers but get financial and political support from the both poles in various time spam. India, but, has some more tight ties with former USSR. These choices turned out to the turning point in the political and military future of both these countries and it decided the present state of Indian and Pakistani military strengths which we will evaluate below.
Following are military strengths based on currently available manpower, equipments infrastructure, command and strategy. Future military plans projects are not discussed due to uncertain and volatile nature of such plans, often subjects to cancellation, failure or modification.
Military Budgets
In 2007, 3% of GDP with $ 4.1 billion was sliced away by Pakistan in response to India’s like in defence budget of 2006-07 at $ 20.11 billion (2.5% of GDP). Pakistan’s like in military budget would be partially funded from its government coffers and partially by borrowing while India would fund its military spending from its own funds.
Comparison of Indian and Pakistani Manpower Forces
Military personnel, India with 3773300 armed force globally, next only to china. As compared to India, Pakistan has a smaller manpower in his military only of 144900 soldiers, which is proportionally higher than India in terms of their population ratios.
Pakistan ground forces are equipped with Chinese and American weapons like FIM 92 stinger SAMs, BGM-71 TOW anti—tank missile, T—82 tanks and other equipments while Indian forces have homemade or soviet technologies like IR guided IK 35 sterla—10 SAMs, 3rd Gen IR guided Nag anti-tank missiles, UAVs and a large inventory of tanks and support vehicles. In terms of numbers and equipments, both Indian and Pakistani forces are on an equal footing.
Comparison of Indian and Pakistani Air Forces
Indian Air Force has over 170000 personnel and 3382 air crafts of which 1330 are combat air crafts operating off 61 airbuses—making it the fourth largest air force in the global world. India has French and Russian air crafts like Mikoyan MIC-29, Dassault Mirage 2000, Sukhoi Su-30-the last one developed under dual licensing by HAL.
Pakistan Air Force has about 65000 active personnel with 530 combat air crafts operating out of 9 airbuses. Its strike fighters consist of US, Chinese and French fighters like F-10 Fighting Falcon IF-17 thunder and Dassault Mirage. It has also transport aircraft air crafts like Lockheed Martin C-130 and Airbus A 310, however there are no UAVs or reconnaissance air crafts in Pakistan Air Force.
Comparison of Indian and Pakistani Navy Forces
Pakistan expanded its size of Naval fleet which doubled in 1980 in the 1980’s after a massive$ 3.2 billion dollar military and economic aid by US president Ronald Reagan after the overwhelming losses in the 1971 war against India. Now Pakistan’s navy has 45 vessels includes submarines, destroyers, frigates, patrol and mine warfare boats. While Indian navy on the other hand, is a three dimensional naval forces consisting of missile-capable warships, an aircraft carrier, mine sweeper and a host of marine air crafts most of its warships indigenously built in its own dock yards.
Comparison Of India And Pakistan Nuclear Weapons
Pakistan’s stockpile is of 30-40 warheads and India possess 70-100 warheads.
Ballistic and cruise Missile Proliferation
The maximum range among India’s operational ballistic missiles in 2000 km achieved by Agni-2 developed by its own IGMDP. The maximum range Pakistani missiles is by Hatf V Chouri with 2200 km, based on North-Korean No-Dong series of IRBMs. Both of Indian and Pakistani missiles are capable of nuclear weapons carriage. India has a supersonic cruise missile. Brah Mos while Pakistan’s Babur cruise missile has a reported range of 700 km and maximum speed of 880 km/h, nuclear capable.

Conditions of jails in Pakistan

Mohsin Ali — Fri, 13 Aug 2010 06:15:47 +0000

Conditions of jails in Pakistan: International wars on terror have endangered the life of common man very badly every where. Even a suspected that is brought to jail could be tortured the way the authorities and their tenement jails want, more so the so-called “suspected” or “potential” “terrorists”. There has been outcry over the docile conditions prevailing, like in any other country, in Pakistani jails. Prime Minister of Pakistan Syed Yousaf Raza Gillani, announced for stabilizing the Pakistan policy through addressing the issue steps by step. Issues of economic, politics, regional stability, terrorism, security and structural changes are being taken up for administering reforms. One of the burning issues, the jail reforms that evaded the rulers in Pakistan too long endangering the lives of less important people thrown into jails, has received due attention in the present Gilani’s dispensation.
Over crowding is almost the solo biggest problem playing the jail system in Pakistan. Besides suffering the agong of living in extremely cramped quarters, prisoners charged with petty crimes come into contact with hardened out lows. Ultimately the minor offender leaves jails itched by his experience and armed with the knowledge needed to begin a career in heavy weight crime.
Drug abuse is another rampant. The involvement of police personnel in the drug business has made the prisoners easy to be indulged in the drug addictions. Meanwhile, negligence or, oversight, on the part of jail staff leaves inmates, particularly the younger ones at the mercy of sexual predators. The changing weather conditions are not combater by suitable arrangements to facilitate the prisoners in avoiding the bad impacts of seasonal variation and temperature conditions.
The inhuman and degrading treatment caused by over crowding, corruption and nepotism in Pakistan, have undermined the minimum standards prescribed under the international instruments and the steps that would conform the fundamental rights. The constitution of Pakistan, Article 9, guarantees that no prisoner shall be deprived of life and liberty save in accordance with low, while article is provide freedom of movement though all the prisons in Pakistan are facing the problem of housing inmates for exceeding the number than that what each of them was originally designed for, but the situation in southern Punjab and KPS in more irksome that the other regions of the country.
The condition of children and women is far bad than expectation. No education facility for children is available. The women are treated beyond the laws and threatened by the jail authorities. Moreover no suitable facility for the pregnancy is available. A comprehensive plan to change the prisoner’s fate is required.
When the police custody and jail situations are alarmingly explosive world wide especially in democracies like India, it is indeed remarkable that Gillani has volunteered to affect much need reforms to clean up jail atmosphere in Pakistan. The way impression should created to show that jails need not be so bad just because the inmates are undergoing punishment. In this regard, encouraging the non-governmental organization, by giving them appropriate incentives and privatizing certain selected services may be an alternative.