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Most Common Elements In The Universe

Mohsin Ali — Tue, 13 Jul 2010 08:36:52 +0000

There are a lots of elements in the universe. There are heavy as well as light elements found in the universe depending upon the atomic number of the these elements. Here is the list of top ten 10 “Most Common Elements In The Universe“. Because of the their presense in other particles in large numbers, they are also “Most Abundant Elements In The Universe”. Hydrogen is the most abundant or most common in the universe .

	Element	Symbols	Parts Per 1,000,000
01.	Hydrogen	H	739,000
02.	Helium	He	240,000
03.	Oxygen	O2	10,700
04.	Carbon	C	4,600
05.	Neon	Ne	1,340
06.	Iron	F	1,090
07.	Nitrogen	N	970
08.	Silicon	Si	650
09.	Magnesium	Mg	580
10.	Sulphur	S	440

Lightest Element On Earth

Mohsin Ali — Fri, 02 Jul 2010 15:31:38 +0000

Elements are the pure substances and there are 118 elements in toto on earth. Lithium is the lightest element on earth with density of only 0.533 units. 94 elements are found naturally on earth and out of 118 about 80 elements are stable while elements with more than 83 or more atomic numbers are unstable. Here are the top ten lightest elements on earth with their discoverers and density.

No.	Element	Discoverer Country	Discovered Year	Density
1.	Lithium	J.A Arfvedson — Sweden	1817	0.533
2.	Potassium	Sir Humphry Davy – UK	1807	0.859
3.	Sodium	Sir Humphry Davy	1807	0.969
4.	Calcium	Sir Humphry Davy	1808	1.526
5.	Rubidium	R.W. Bunsen/G. Kirchoff, Germany	1861	1.534
6.	Magnesium	Sir Humphry Davy	1808+	1.737
7.	Phosphorus	Hennig Brandt, Germany	1669	1.825
8.	Beryllium	F. Wohler, Germany/ A.A.B. Bussy, France	1828*	1.846
9.	Caesium	R.W. Bunsen/G. Kirchoff	1860	1.96
10.	Sulphur		Prehistoric	2.070

Common Elements: The Most Common Elements In The Human Body

Mohsin Ali — Thu, 18 Feb 2010 11:11:27 +0000

Elements are composed of chemical substances which are distinguished by their atomic number. In total there are 117 elements out of which 94 occur naturally on Earth. Human body is made up of different chemical elements. These elements are needed for several chemical reactions in the body to produce energy. There are several metabolisms which require these elements in different organs of human body.

No.	Elements	Average Weight (Grams)	Average Weight (Oz)
1.	Oxygen	45,500	1,608
2.	Carbon	12,600	445
3.	Hydrogen	7,000	247
4.	Nitrogen	2,100	74
5.	Calcium	1,050	37
6.	Phosphorus	700	25
7.	Sulphur	175	6
8.	Potassium	140	5
9.	Chlorine	105	4
10.	Sodium	105	4

Factors To Measure Corruption In Public Sector In Any Country

Rank Cause of corruption Index
Lack of sanctions or impunity 0.93
Inertia and inaction 0.86
Desire for personal enrichment 0.84
Lack of transparency 0.81
Lack of motivation due to the drop in purchasing power 0.81
Arbitrary career promotion 0.79
Abuse of power by public offi cials 0.78
Poor functioning of the administration 0.7
Lack of clear rules and standards of conduct 0.66
Pressure from superiors/high-ranking persons 0.57
Excessive patronage and tutelage 0.53
Everyone else does it 0.44

Human Body Organs: Anatomy Of Largest, Biggest Organs System Functions And Formation

Mohsin Ali — Mon, 15 Feb 2010 16:58:21 +0000

There are almost 78 organs in a human body which vary according to their sizes, functions or actions. An organ is a collection of millions of cells which group together to perform single function in a human body. The cells in these body organs are highly specialized and formed for all the necessary actions for some specific time. Out of these 78 organs of a male or female body, skin is the largest or biggest organ with respect to its size and weight. The mojor or prerequisite human organ is the brain which handles all the functions and actions of a human body. Other top ten or 10 human body organs are given in the following list with names and functions.

	Skin is the largest or biggest human body organ. The average weight of skin in human body is about 10,886 grams which varies according to the size and weight of human being. Human skin is made up of different ectodermal tissues and it protects all the inner body organs like liver, glands, stomach, heart etc. Other functions are heat regulation, interaction with atmosphere, protection from diseases, absorption and sensation.
	Liver is the second largest organ of male or female human body. Its average weight in a normal human body is 1,560 gms. The liver recieves blood full of digested food from the gut. It stores some foods and delivers the rest to the other cells through blood. The other function of liver is to change the left material into harmless waste called urine.
	Brain is the third largest and major organ of human body. Its average weight in a normal human body is 1,263 gms. The brain controls the actions of all the body parts. There are about 100 billion cells in human brain which make about 100 trillion nerve connections with nerve cells for messaging. Medulla oblongata, Midbrain, Hind brain, Cerebellum, Spinal cord and Venticle are some of the major parts of a human brain.
	Lungs is the fourth biggest organ of human beings body. The average total weight of the right and left lung in a normal human body is about 1,090 gms. The major function of lungs is to inhale oxygen and exhale carbon dioxide out of the red blood cells. The lungs can hold a total of upto 5 litres of air. The adult lungs have an internal area of over 90 meters, that is about half the area of a tennis court.
	Heart is the fifth largest human body organ which is prerequisite for a living human being. The major function of the heart is to pump the blood to every part of the body to deliver the energy to every body cell. In males the average weight of heart is 315 gm while in females this weight is about 265 gms. Ventricles, atrium and aorta are some of the main parts of a human heart.
	Kidneys is the sixth largest organ in every human body. There are two kidneys in every human being and the average weight of both the kidneys is about 290 grams. The major function of a kidney is to separate the waste amterial by filtering the blood. Both these kidneys filter our blood 50 times a day. If one kidney stops working the other will enlarge and do the work of two.
	Spleen is 170 grams heavy and it is the seventh largest or heaviest organ of the human body. It forms the red blood cells pulp and white blood cells pulp. Therefore it is helpful in making the blood and increasing the immunity of the human being.
	Pancreas is the eighth largest human organ with an average weight of 98 grams in human body. It is one of the most important gland which produces several hormones including insulin, glucagon, and somatostatin. The pancreas is a dual-function gland, having features of both endocrine and exocrine glands.
	Thyroid is the ninth biggest one in human organs system. The average weight of thyroid gland in human body is 35 grams. It is the largest gland in the human body. The function of this gland is to produce thyroxine and triiodothyronine hormones.
	Prostate is the tenth largest human organ gland with a weight of 20 grams. It is the

Human Bones: Longest Or Largest Human Body Bones

Mohsin Ali — Tue, 26 Jan 2010 06:43:27 +0000

	Femur is the largest and longest bone in human body. It forms the upper part of human leg. Its average length in adult male is 50.50 centimeter. This bone is also found in mammals, reptiles and vertebrates i.e frog, lizards, amphibians etc. Femur is Latin word which means thigh hence it is also known as thigh bone.
	Tibia is the second largest bone in the human body and no doubt the strongest bone of human body because it bears the body weight of person. It forms the inner-lower part of human leg. The average length of tibia is 43.03 CM. Tibia is Latin word which means an ancient type of musical instrument. Shin bone and shank bone are other names of Tibia.
	Fibula (also known as Calf Bone) is located in the outer-lower part of human leg. Fibula is the third largest bone in the human body. Fibula along with Tibia forms the lower part of human leg as it is located on the lateral side of Tibia. It is relatively weak and thin as compared with Tibia. The average length of tibia is 40.50 CM.
	Humerus bone connects shoulder with elbow in human arm. It is a long bone which consists of three parts i.e. upper extremity of Humerus, body of Humerus and lower extremity of Humerus. Humerus forms the upper part of human arm and many important muscles are attached with it. The average length of tibia is 36.46 CM.
	Ulna forms the inner-lower part of human arm. This fore-arm bone along with radius completes the lower part of human arm. Its average length in 28.20 Cm. In simple words it connects elbow with hand. It is a long and narrow bone with many muscles attached with it.
	Radius is a long bone which forms the outer-lower part of human arm. It is on the lateral side of Ulna and its length is 26.42 cm. Radius is also found in some four-leg animals as lower part of forelimb. Like Ulna it connects hand with elbow.
	7th rib is part of the 24 ribs found in a human body. The average length of 7th rib is 24.00 CM. Ribs are basically found in Vertebrates and they support the upper body of vertebrates.
	8th rib: These long and curved bones are considered as the basic structural part of human body. 8th rib is the part of 12 pairs of ribs in human body. The average length of 8th rib is 23.00 CM.
	Innominate bone is also called hipbone or half pelvis. It is the 9th largest bone in human body. Its average length is 18.50 Cm. Innominate bone is either of the two bones that form the sides of the pelvis, consisting of three fused components, the ilium, ischium, and pubis Nontechnical name hipbone.
	Sternum is the tenth largest bone in human body and its average length is 17.00 Cm. It is also called breastbone and it is found in both males and females with the same length. Sternum is a long, flat bone located in the center of the chest, serving as a support for the collarbone and ribs.

Top Ten 10 Planets Or Stars With Longest Years In The Solar System

Mohsin Ali — Fri, 25 Dec 2009 15:19:10 +0000

The stars or planets orbit the sun. Following stars has the maximum and minimum time to orbit around the sun, in Earth years or days. Pluto has the maximum time while the sun itself has the minimum time to orbit the sun.

No.	Body	Years	Days
1.	Pluto	247	256
2.	Neptune	164	298
3.	Uranus	84	4
4.	Saturn	29	168
5.	Jupiter	11	314
6.	Mars	—-	687
7.	Earth	—-	365
8.	Venus	—-	225
9.	Mercury	—-	88
10.	Sun	—-	0

Top Ten Largest Or Heaviest Bodies Or Stars Or Planets In The Solar System

Mohsin Ali — Tue, 22 Dec 2009 11:55:33 +0000

	Sun is the largest body of mass in the solar system. Its diameter is 1,392,140 kilometers (865,036 in miles). It is visible with naked eye. It is also the major source of energy in the solar system.
	Jupiter is the secong largest body of mass in the solar system. Its diameter is 142,894 kilometers (or 88,846 miles). It is also visible with naked eye.
	Saturn is the third largest or heaviest body in the solar system. Its diameter is 120,536 kilometers (or 74,898 miles). It has beautiful rings around it.
	Uranus is the fourth largest or heaviest body in the solar system. Its diameter is 51,118 kilometers (or 31,763 miles). It looks greenish blue.
	Neptune is the fifth largest or heaviest body in the solar system. Its diameter is 49,532 kilometers (or 30,778 miles). It looks blue so it is called blue planet of solar system.
	Earth is the sixth heaviest planet of the solar system with 12,756 kilometer (or 7,926 miles) diameter. It is the most beautiful or versatile planet of the solar system. The presence of humanity is the proof of life on the earth.
	Venus is the seventh largest or heaviest body in the solar system after the earth. Its diameter is 12,103 kilometers (or 7,520 iles). It is the second closest planet to the sun. It is often called morning star.
	Mars is the eighth largest or heaviest body or planet in the solar system. Its diameter is 6,794 kilometers (or 4,222 miles). It looks red that is why known as “The Red Planet”.
	Ganymede is the ninth largest or heaviest body in the solar system. Its diameter is 5,269 kilometers (or 3,274 miles).
	Titan is the tenth largest or heaviest body in the solar system. Its diameter is 5,150 kilometers (or 3,200 miles).

Top Ten Largest Or Longest Rivers Of The World Or Earth By Area

Mohsin Ali — Sun, 20 Dec 2009 08:33:08 +0000

The largest or longest river of the world by area or length is the Nile which is also the largest river of Africa. Other top nine rivers are given here.

No.	River	Location	Length In Kilometers/Miles
1.	Nile	Tanzania-Uganda-Sudan-Egypt	6670/4145
2.	Amazon	Peru-Brazil	6448/4007
3.	Yangtze-Kiang	China	6300/3915
4.	Mississippi-Missouri	USA	5971/3710
5.	Yenisey-Angara	Mangolia-Russia	5540/3442
6.	Huang Hu- Yellow River	China	5464/3395
7.	Ob-Irtysh	Mangolia-Kazakhstan-Russia	5410/3362
8.	Congo	Angola-Demo. Republic Of Congo	4700/2920
9.	Lena-Kirenga	Russia	4400/2734
10.	Mekong	Tibet-China-Burma-Laos-Vietnam	4350/2703

Longest River In The World